On May 1, 2024, Colorado governor Jared Polis signed SB-81, a bill entitled the "Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Consumer Protection Act."  As discussed below, this bill expands Colorado’s existing restrictions on the use of intentionally added PFAS in certain consumer product categories, and revamps the state’s approach to intentionally added PFAS in cookware.  The new Colorado law is similar to Maine’s recent legislation which transitioned away from disclosures and towards PFAS prohibitions in specific product categories.  

In the absence of federal cleanup standards for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”) in groundwater, several states have started the process of regulating PFAS in groundwater themselves. As a result, states have adopted a patchwork of regulations and guidance standards that present significant compliance challenges to impacted industries. This client alert explores the current landscape of state regulations regarding the advisory, notification, and cleanup levels for PFAS – typically perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (“PFOS”) and perfluorooctanoic acid (”PFOA”) – in groundwater.

On April 19, 2024, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) announced that it is designating perfluorooctanoic acid (“PFOA”) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (“PFOS”) as Hazardous Substances under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”).  As discussed below, this designation will, among other things, affect remediation efforts, notification requirements, and due diligence activities.  It also will have ripple effects across many state regulations that reference CERCLA Hazardous Substances. Originally proposed in September 2022, finalization of the rule has been significantly delayed, largely due to the over 64,000 public comments received.  Importantly, one of the major concerns is how the CERCLA listing would impact municipally owned passive receivers of PFAS like landfills, publicly owned treatment works, airports, and farms that have land applied biosolids.  To address those concerns, EPA issued an Enforcement Discretion Guidance document simultaneously while issuing the final rule which provides some relief to those entities. The final rule, related website, and press release provide additional information.  Once the rule is published in the Federal Register, it becomes effective in sixty (60) days, absent any legal challenges. 

PFAS in Children’s Products is a major focus for state legislators across the country, prompting some of the most stringent PFAS restrictions in consumer products.  Thus far, eight states have enacted legislation concerning PFAS substances in Children’s or Juvenile Products (“Children’s Products”).  Seven additional states have proposed Children’s Products laws, and many of these are expected to continue to move through the legislative process in future months. There are numerous key features that are generally consistent across the state laws: “Juvenile products” are generally defined as products that are intended for use by children 12 years old or younger. The prohibitions apply to “intentionally added” PFAS, which generally are PFAS added to a product to create a specific effect in the finished product. The compliance timelines are much shorter than the timelines for other types of consumer products that are being regulated for the presence of intentionally added PFAS. Some, but not all, of the laws exempt internal components of the product that are not accessible during foreseeable “use and abuse” of the product. Perhaps the biggest challenge posed by these laws is that unlike other PFAS laws which apply to a specific industry category (e.g., cookware, cosmetics, apparel), they apply across all consumer product categories, making them more difficult for impacted businesses to track.

In the absence of comprehensive federal regulation of PFAS in food packaging, states are dishing out their own laws.  Thus far, twelve states have enacted laws addressing PFAS substances in food containers and packaging materials (“Food Packaging”), and there are fourteen proposed bills that are currently pending in numerous states.  These laws are intended to address concerns that storing food in Food Packaging that contains PFAS compounds may result in increased ingestion of those PFAS substances.  Related to food packaging, a growing number of states are enacting or proposing general bills involving recyclability of food or beverage packaging, but this client alert does not specifically address those requirements as these measures do not exclusively involve PFAS substances. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), commonly cited examples of Food Packaging that have historically contained PFAS substances include “grease-resistant paper, fast food containers/wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, pizza boxes, and candy wrappers.”

As discussed in more detail in BCLP’s 2023 federal recap client alert, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”) were a major focus for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) in 2023, and 2024 will likely mark even more significant activity in the federal regulation of these compounds.  While we expect a variety of actions at the federal level, this alert highlights five developments that we anticipate in 2024 will have substantial economic impacts across a wide range of industries.